Applying for Linguistics at University in 2024
Reading, Personal Statement and Interview Tips From an Oxford Linguistics Graduate
This article is written by U2 Spanish and Linguistics mentor, Rhys. Rhys graduated with a First in Linguistics and Spanish from St. Catherine’s College, Oxford in 2012. He has a particular interest in both Old Norse and modern Icelandic, as well as on how languages in general change over time - and was the winner of the Fred Holcroft Prize for study of the history of Spanish as a language. This article provides a comprehensive guide to Linguistics at Oxbridge, how to prepare and what to expect at interview (+ the resources suggested will be useful for personal statement preparation for other top UK universities).
Why Linguistics?
Linguistics is the subject for people who don’t think two languages is enough. Now, that’s not to say that it’s all about learning lots of languages at once. Far from it, in fact! Linguistics is even better than that. The truth is, the individual language is a worthwhile and valuable object of study in itself, but the aim of Linguistics is to go a little deeper (though you’ll certainly pick up bits from myriad languages along the way).
We know that a lot of our language ability is something shared by every human: we all have at least one language, we all acquire languages in the same way as infants, we all use the same tools to make and understand speech (or sign language), and it seems like we might even (though it probably doesn’t feel like it sometimes!) be using the same grammatical “algorithm”, even if the thing that comes out of our mouths gets labelled as English, Malay, or Quechua. And that’s not all. I haven’t even talked about language’s interaction with psychology, neurology, or how language infuses and affects pretty much every aspect of society. Linguistics is, in brief, an “under-the-bonnet” look at what might be the one thing that makes humans unique in the animal kingdom.
So, if it’s so great, why isn’t it a more widespread and popular subject? Many students seem to “stumble upon” Linguistics by accident - but it’s odd that a subject so varied and fundamental to human existence is the sort of thing that needs a stumble to be found! In my opinion, it’s because it’s not a standard school subject. There is no GCSE in Linguistics, no course dedicated to it at A-Level or IB (though other subjects do borrow some of its tools, and vice versa). This can be at once daunting and liberating for a prospective student. Where do you start? How best to prepare? What are interviewers at Oxbridge looking for?
What follows, for the entirety of this article, is my personal opinion. My specialities were historical linguistics (i.e. how languages change over time) and phonetics (i.e. the mechanics of sequencing and producing speech), but a specialist in e.g. Psycholinguistics might write a very different blog post! What I want to stress is: there is no right or wrong way to prepare for Linguistics. Some people see this as the curse of an interdisciplinary subject, but I see it as a joy. Always more to explore, ready for whenever you want - and it means that you can follow your nose to a large extent. Do you have an interest in speech disorders (often called “aphasia” for a general term)? Great! Indulge it as part of your preparation. Is computational linguistics your thing? Delve into that with gusto.
Let me put it another way. Linguists draw a distinction between prescriptive linguistics (“this is how you should speak and write” - or what most of the world thinks linguists do!) and descriptive linguistics (“let’s record and explain what people actually say and do”). The latter, descriptive linguistics, is what the vast, vast majority of linguists practice - and it’s what you’ll be studying. This guide aims to be similarly descriptive, and not prescriptive. I will suggest what is available, what might be good to pursue or to investigate, and point out some of the things that would make a strong candidate (it is impossible to be exhaustive). It is rare that I will be prescriptive; there are very few “you shoulds” in what follows. Since Linguistics is a new subject for everyone at the start of university, aptitude and enthusiasm are prized above all else. Our focus will be on how to make the most of that aptitude, and how best to channel that enthusiasm.
Why are you applying?
Before you begin preparing for your linguistics application, it is worth taking a few minutes to think about the reasons why you wish to study the course. This will be crucial for personal statement writing and you may be asked about your motivations for applying at interview.
Reading Around the Subject
As you can tell, this blog post is going to take a highly permissive approach to what counts as useful preparation - but, because of the nature of the UK application process (with the personal statement and maybe an interview, depending on university), some reading and discussion of what you’ve learnt from reading is something that will definitely feature. I should make clear that you should feel no compulsion to tackle any academic texts at this point. Why would you have to - you don’t have any formal training yet! Things on the ambitious side of popular science / written for general consumption by the public will be fine.
A common starting point is Oxford’s Very Short Introduction To Linguistics, and I can see why. You can read it in an afternoon, and it will give a broad overview of what different disciplines in Linguistics there are. From there, you can take a mosey down whatever route you like - maybe even multiple routes if you aren’t sure. Some of these routes - such as Sociolinguistics - even have Very Short Introductions of their own.
Another fantastic starting point, quite a bit longer but very digestible, is The Story of Human Language by John McWhorter. This is actually a series of recorded lectures available as an audiobook (or direct from The Great Courses) that has an accompanying PDF with things like diagrams, charts, and so on. I think that, despite the slightly chintzy format of the recording (the between-chapter music really is awful), the content is excellent - and it has the advantage of encouraging you to head off in the direction you choose. Note what makes you prick up your ears - literally - and take your reading from there.
A good touchstone - not necessarily a cover-to-cover read, but a touchstone - is Limits of Language by Mikael Parkvall. If, like me, your only pre-university knowledge of languages is of European languages, this is a great way to dive in to some of the world’s linguistic diversity. I also find that it has a good indication of the different sub-themes encompassed in the discipline - so again, one to dip in and out of, and to reference if needed.
Many universities - including Oxford - only offer Linguistics as a joint course (in Oxford’s case, this means with Psychology, or Philosophy, or a modern language). This is an opportunity for some crossover reading. If you’re studying Linguistics with Italian, for example, it’s worth knowing a little about what Italian is and where it comes from (no, just saying Latin isn’t going to cut the mustard!). If paired with Psychology, then something on how language operates in the brain is probably a good place to start (perhaps The Stuff of Thought by Steven Pinker is where to go first).
At Cambridge, you spend part of your first year studying the history and development of English itself - and one of the most readable and engaging introductions to that which I’ve found is another John McWhorter book, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue. In fact, I’d go so far as recommending it to all applicants; since you will be studying with English as the medium, it’s no surprise that many examples you encounter will be from English - and therefore a knowledge of the language’s history itself is a boon.
Some very common texts to appear on personal statements are The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker, Through The Language Glass by Guy Deutscher, Linguistics: a Complete Introduction by David Hornsby, and any of a number of books by Jean Aitchison or David Crystal. These are all popular for a reason - they’re really good! I will not highlight one of them in particular, however. Remember, outside reading is not about swallowing a chunk of prescribed knowledge; it’s about what you do with the knowledge you acquire. It is easy to tell when a student has read book X because “it’s what you’re supposed to do, isn’t it?”. It is far preferable for a student to have read a small number of texts, or to have developed a special interest and the ability to speak interestingly about it. It’s also far easier to show enthusiasm when you’re in that position, as that enthusiasm won’t be artificial.
Other Non-Book Sources
Podcasts are my go-to when it comes to learning about ... well, anything really. For me, the format is great. Portable, almost always free, and pitched at just the right level: designed to hold attention, but sturdy enough for a good piece of knowledge to be acquired. Again, the ones that are going to appeal most is a matter of personal choice. But there’s plenty out there, and I think the majority of them are fairly good at covering a wide range of topics. The back-catalogues of some of them are copious (you do not need to listen to them all!), so be choosy - start with the episodes that whet your appetite, and then delve deeper if you develop a taste. Some back-catalogues into which to delve are (in no particular order) Lingthusiasm, BBC Word of Mouth, The Allusionist, Lexicon Valley, The History of English.
YouTube and a few other video sites (such as TED) will also provide a good overview of certain subjects and topics - and, even better, some of them will allow you to get an idea of what other languages sound like along the way. Some of my favourite channels are NativLang, Tom Scott’s Language Files, and The Ling Space, though there are others to explore as well - again, feel free to act like a magpie here, and pounce on whatever seems shiny to you.
If you live in a large city, you might find talks and lectures on Linguistics that can be attended as well ... but honestly, this isn’t something you need to lose sleep over. I didn’t have access to these when I applied, for instance, and did not feel any poorer for it. Nor is Linguistics the sort of mass-appeal subject that, say, history or a science is - so it might be hard to find suitable lectures in the first place!
Either way, whether it’s books or some of the other avenues mentioned above, what matters is the benefit that engaging with them has given you. It all relates back to the undefined nature of what a good linguist will look like, and how there is no single body of knowledge, no syllabus, that is expected of you. The utility in these books, podcasts, and videos is what you learn, and how well you can demonstrate that learning - and that’s always easier if you have a genuine interest. Hence the emphasis above on enjoyment. If it’s not captivating you, try something else!
Special Interests for Linguistics
This is another facet of the qualities of a linguist being a little shapeless (or, if we’re kinder, flexible and open). As mentioned, Linguistics is a subject that people stumble upon, often by accident. It’s really common for that to be a specialist interest in something that intersects with Linguistics.
I had one of these: Old Norse and Modern Icelandic, both of which had captured my imagination years before thinking about university. Whilst one might find a couple (only 2 or 3, to my knowledge) of places where these can be studied in the UK as the main component of your degree, I chose to go for Linguistics instead: that interest in Old Norse led to other things - especially language change - and from there to Linguistics itself (and yes, I did get to look at Old Norse as one exam paper within the degree). This is a trait that I’ve noticed with other students as well: previous students of mine have had interests in American Sign Language, or Mongolian, or bilingualism in young children, or how language use intersects with gender. I am happy to bet that you have some kind of Linguistics-related special interest as well. So: hone it.
There is no set method for this; it really is an open field. If it’s a language, then it’s worth looking at how that language works (not just how to speak it, but also its grammar, culture, sounds or signs, and history). If it’s something more thematic, like bilingualism, then I’d say that it’s worth looking for in-depth discussions, texts, or articles about it. But I’ll guess that, if you’re looking at this page, you’ve started doing that for your special interest already. In short, give yourself the time to geek out about it! I was asked about Icelandic in every university interview I had, even the interviews which were not related to Old Norse, Icelandic, or Linguistics at all - another indication that there are many routes to demonstrating interest, and that the ball really is in your court.
Things You Don’t Need to Worry About for Linguistics
From-scratch subjects are a little different to others. If you’re applying for a language, then yes, some experience using that language (or, if feasible, time in a place where that language is spoken) is always welcome. For some other courses, having work experience is a major advantage, even a quasi-prerequisite. Not so with Linguistics! Many generalist guides to university application will chat about demonstrating your interest in a subject in a practical way, but fear not - this doesn’t apply here.
Some schools encourage students to write essays for prizes. I know of one for Linguistics, run by Trinity College at Cambridge (there may be more, this just happens to be the one I know) - you will need to be in Year 12/Lower Sixth or equivalent to be eligible, and the deadline is early August. You might find them useful as practice in researching a linguistic topic, and the topic (for 2021 at time of writing) is interesting, however, don’t consider them a priority and don’t be discouraged if you don’t win!
You also don’t need to know of any particular theories within Linguistics itself, nor really of any current affairs or developments (like I would expect for, say, a Modern Languages candidate). As you’ll find out soon enough, there are many theories which attempt to explain the mechanisms by which we produce speech. For example, I guarantee that you’ll hear about Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar in at least one of the books you read. A background outline of Chomsky’s ideas will be sufficient - but do not feel like you need an understanding of the theory itself. Or, in other words, it’s good to know what it is, but it’s certainly not necessary to know how it works!
Admissions Tests for Linguistics
Only Cambridge requires an admissions exam dedicated to Linguistics. Oxford used to do so, and students will still need to sit a test for the other “half” of their degree (either the Modern Languages Admissions Test (see U2 blog) if paired with a language, or the TSA (See U2 blog) if paired with Philosophy or Psychology), but the Linguistics-specific portion is no longer offered. This is (in my personal opinion) a shame, as they were actually rather absorbing!
That’s not to say that there’s no longer any usefulness in looking at Oxford’s tests, in fact, I think it’s super-helpful no matter which university you choose! See other sections below.
The Cambridge test is taken at-interview, lasts an hour, and is split into three equal-time and equal-mark parts: some questions on an unknown language, some data analysis (usually of graphs, but sometimes of charts), and a short essay based on a linguistics-themed topic. You will need to attempt all questions. You do not need specialist terminology or knowledge to complete these tests - that’s not what it’s about! It’s a gauge of a few things: your aptitude, your ability to process data, and a snapshot of your essay-writing ability. There are a few past papers available on the Cambridge website itself (on the Entry Requirements tab, at time of writing this guide), and you will of course find it useful to practice with these. I do have a couple of other ideas as well, in case you run out:
There are a few more tips on the linguistic analysis below, so I won’t repeat that here. For the graphs section, this is something that can be practised a little with Oxford’s past papers (link below), which also have graphs and charts to analyse (though, as the test for Oxford was half the length of Cambridge’s, they’re a little bit more simple - but still good practice!). But do not be intimidated by the graphs; they are (by my eye) no more complex than the chart/graph skills needed for GCSE Science, and some questions related to the graphs are often speculative (e.g. “the graphs show that younger people say XYZ but older people say ABC; why might that be?”) - so the graphs themselves are usually no big deal.
The essay-writing section is what students find hardest, in my experience - and this is because a 20-minute essay is something unusual and not really expected in most other areas of study! What I think is best is: to plan the essay, even just a rough plan, for a few minutes. A look at the mark scheme shows us that there are marks for style and structure, so they’re expecting you to display both! The essay should be short, relevant, to-the-point, and organised. Often a structure is implied in the question, so this is easier than I’m making it sound - you’ll see what I mean. When writing, ensure that you have answered every aspect of the question - and nothing more (you don’t have time for more). This essay (indeed the whole test) is a skill, and as with any skill, practice leads to improvement.
Linguistic Analysis/ Dealing with Unfamiliar Languages
I’ve separated this out from other parts of this discussion, as it’s part of the process for everyone at some point: being presented with unfamiliar utterances in a language, being asked to draw conclusions and generalisations about the language’s form and grammar, and (sometimes) to make new sentences according to the grammar rules that you notice. This might sound terrifying, but trust me - once you start, it’s really fun!
This is where Oxford’s past papers are a great well of resources for some practice (on the How Do I Prepare? tab, at time of writing this guide). The Linguistics test is (well, was) part of the Modern Languages Admissions Test. PDFs of the whole thing are freely available on Oxford’s website, and available for download. Most of them also have mark schemes available - but you don’t need to worry about exam technique. Instead, try and solve the little language-based puzzles (and most of them are puzzles, in a way). Gain a method for analysing and systematising the data, and explain it aloud to yourself - even if it makes you sound a little nuts! It’s what you’d need to do in an interview setting, so it’s decent practice. I found that coloured pens or a set of highlighters will be useful; it helps you notice and mark the commonalities and patterns (or grammar rules, in short) - and they’ll be ready if you need to use them to generate a new phrase in the language. I think you’ll be surprised at how engaging - fun, even - these will turn out to be. If applying for Cambridge, give Oxford’s papers a go: they help you get accustomed to the first and second questions in the Cambridge paper.
Some schools and students also participate in the UK Linguistics Olympiad. This is, again, a competition based on linguistic and grammatical analysis, or pattern finding. If your school offers it, great! Give it a try. But I certainly don’t think it’s an obligatory step in preparation - I didn’t even know what it was when applying! That said, I think it’s a brilliant resource for practising. Many of the papers from previous years, with explanations, are freely available on the UKLO website; you can practice solo with past questions from there. Again, I think these are great fun, and I think you will too! But you needn’t approach it in any formalised way if that option is unavailable or un-enticing.
This is an example problem from the Linguistics Olympiad - their training materials are excellent practice!
How to Prepare for the Linguistics Interview
The interview is often the section of the application process which most worries applicants. The info below is mostly for Oxford and Cambridge, though other courses with Linguistics as a component (e.g. BA Language and Culture at UCL) may also require an interview. What I find interesting is that there seems to be no set agenda for the interviews, no checklist, no recurring topic, and no “this will definitely happen” task or question. Again, I think it’s best to see this as a liberation rather than a worry. Feedback from previous students does indicate one commonality: the interviews themselves were more entertaining - pleasant, even - than expected. What follows is a list of things that I’ve heard of that crop up in interviews. You might experience all of these, or just some - and it’s no indication of a good or poor performance if you aren’t asked them all. Some are my own experiences, some from old classmates, some from old students of mine. They’re in no particular order:
• A language puzzle. These are common, but not universal. Oxford in particular seems to be setting them, now that the paper-based test has been retired. I had one of these with an East African language. Often (but not always) you will be given the stimulus in advance of the interview - so it won’t necessarily be something you have to deal with on the spot!
• Analysis of English grammar. This might ask you to explain and codify what’s going on in some English sentences - which might involve a bit of wordplay, or ambiguous sentences, or use of a particular word in a variety of contexts. Again, you are usually given a bit of alone time to look at these before the interview. The techniques for this are the same as for any other language puzzle: systematise, organise, find commonalities, and explain.
• Discussion of your personal statement. With no grades or (in most cases) Linguistics-specific teacher reference to draw on, this is often the interviewers’ main source of information about you before the interview itself. If you’ve done your preparation right, there will be plenty of avenues waiting for the interviewer to pick up.
• Discussion of any clear special interests. This is something that’ll likely make itself clear in your personal statement, but I’ve separated it out because (personal opinion alert!) it’s often the most interesting thing from the interviewer’s perspective. A nice source of variety. As mentioned earlier, I was asked about Icelandic in every interview, and I recall it being the topic which most interested the interviewers. When I give mock interviews, I pounce on any clear special subjects. It’s usually the area where you are most able to demonstrate aptitude, interest, and a drive to investigate something of your own volition - so keep chipping away at the special interest, whatever it is, and it will be easy for that interest to radiate out.
Overall, then, it seems to me that the interview is as open and flexible as the rest of what we’ve discussed so far. There are, of course, plenty of things that one can do in order to come across well. Most of these, like getting used to language puzzles, developing a special interest, and knowing the content of your personal statement, can be prepared in advance. But there is an element of unpredictability - and that is, of course, deliberate. It’s another indication that the interviewers are hunting for aptitude. This doesn’t mean they’re trying to catch you out! The opposite, in fact: since your ability is something of a blank slate (no indicative grades to look at, say), they’re trying to reel you in. I find it quite fitting that it’s often called an “invitation” to interview - because that’s exactly what it is. They’re asking you to come with an open mind, and to show them how that mind works.
Conclusion
I half-suspect that this guide might not have been what you expected. Many “how-to” guides are, by definition, prescriptive; this was descriptive. I’ve purposefully avoided that as much as I can (though inevitably there’s a bit of prescription above). It’s all because of those two central things that are most prized in the selection for Linguistics (and indeed some other from-scratch subjects): interest, and aptitude. The intention of this guide has not been to push you in a particular direction, because there is no set direction in which you should be pushed. If you’ve read this far in this (really quite long!) blog post, it’s a safe bet that you’re already interested in Linguistics. You probably already know what the special interest is as well - the thing that first caught your eye, the thing that makes your knowledge and investigation unique. What’s laid out above are just tools that you can use to sharpen your own aptitude, to augment your interests. I emphasise it so frequently because I think it really matters. Treat the information above not as a route laid out on a map, but merely the unscrolled map itself. It is up to you to chart the course you’ll most enjoy - and it will, I promise, be enjoyable.
Are You Applying For Linguistics or Joint Honours Linguistics (E.g. PPL) at Oxbridge?
Oxbridge Linguistics Mentoring
U2 offers ad hoc sessions as well as wider Oxbridge Mentoring programmes (book a free consultation to discuss options). We have a great team of Oxbridge-educated Linguistics mentors including 1st Class, Master’s and PhD level graduates.
The Process:
1) We suggest an Oxbridge Linguistics graduate as a mentor and send their full CV for review. Our mentors are deeply familiar with the admissions process to study Linguistics/ Joint Honours with Linguistics at the University of Oxford and Cambridge, and are well-placed to guide you through personal statement curation, the entrance exam (if applicable) and interview process.
2) We typically suggest beginning with a 1.5 hour informal assessment/ taster session, where the mentor will informally assess the student’s current performance level for application, including test and interview. Following this, we issue a report with feedback, and structure a plan to best prepare.
3) U2’s approach for regular Linguistics application sessions: The main focus of tutorial sessions will be to explore material that can be discussed in the personal statement and at interview. Mentors ensure each student refines their interests within Linguistics, and is exposed to a range of approaches and new concepts, guiding students in their reading and wider subject exploration. Together, we build a case for the student, exploring their special interests in the subject and honing skills for the admissions test if applicable.
Frequency of sessions can be decided between student and mentor. Students can take either ad hoc sessions, or we structure a full programme for preparation, which may include further co-curricular opportunities such as our research projects, our Languages Summer Schools and Oxbridge mock interview days. Oxbridge mentoring presents a wonderful opportunity to learn from and be inspired by some extraordinary academic minds. We would be delighted to support you through what can be a challenging, but hugely rewarding process.